New IRS Data on Interstate Migration of High Earners & Retirees

Introduction

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has recently published new data on interstate migration, revealing fascinating trends about where high-income households are moving. For households earning over $200,000 annually, Florida boasts the best in-migration to out-migration ratio, while Illinois shows the worst. This article explores these trends, examining the factors driving these movements and their implications for states and their economies.

High Earners on the Move

The IRS data highlight that states with favorable tax environments are attracting more high-income households. These individuals often seek locations that offer lower taxes, better weather, and improved living conditions. Here, we break down the significant findings from the IRS data and explore the reasons behind these migration patterns.

Florida: The Top Destination

Florida has emerged as the top destination for high-income households. For every household earning over $200,000 that leaves the state, more than one moves in. Several factors contribute to this trend:

• No State Income Tax: Florida’s lack of a state income tax is a significant draw for high earners. This tax policy allows residents to retain more of their income, making it particularly attractive to those with substantial earnings.
• Warm Climate: The state’s warm weather is appealing, particularly to those looking to escape colder regions. Florida’s climate allows for year-round outdoor activities, which is a big selling point for many.
• Quality of Life: Florida offers a high quality of life with numerous amenities, including beautiful beaches, vibrant cities, and a variety of recreational activities. Cities like Miami, Orlando, and Tampa provide diverse cultural experiences and economic opportunities.

Illinois: The Biggest Loser

In stark contrast, Illinois has the worst ratio of in-migration to out-migration for high-income households. For every household earning over $200,000 that moves into Illinois, more than two leave. Key reasons for this trend include:

• High Taxes: Illinois has one of the highest state income tax rates in the country. The combined burden of state and local taxes can be discouraging for high-income earners.
• Economic Challenges: The state faces significant financial issues, including a high cost of living, pension liabilities, and budget deficits. These economic challenges contribute to a less favorable environment for both businesses and residents.
• Weather: Harsh winters drive many residents to seek warmer climates. The long, cold winters can be a significant factor for those looking for a more temperate environment.

Trends in Other States

While Florida and Illinois represent the extremes, other states also exhibit notable trends in high-income migration. Understanding these trends can provide a broader picture of the factors influencing migration decisions among high-income households.

States Gaining High Earners

• Texas: Like Florida, Texas benefits from no state income tax and a strong economy, making it a popular choice. Cities like Austin, Dallas, and Houston are hubs for technology, finance, and healthcare industries, attracting professionals from various fields.
• Nevada: Another state with no income tax, Nevada attracts high earners with its favorable tax policies and lifestyle. Las Vegas, in particular, offers a vibrant entertainment scene and growing business opportunities.
• Tennessee: With no income tax on wages and a growing economy, Tennessee is becoming increasingly attractive. Nashville has emerged as a cultural and economic center, drawing in professionals from across the country.

States Losing High Earners

• California: Despite its economic opportunities, high taxes and living costs drive many high earners away. The state’s progressive tax system means that high earners pay a significant portion of their income in taxes, prompting some to seek lower-tax alternatives.
• New York: Similar to California, New York’s high taxes and cost of living result in a net loss of high-income households. The high cost of housing, combined with state and city taxes, can be a deterrent.
• New Jersey: High property taxes and overall tax burden contribute to an outflow of wealthy residents. Despite its proximity to New York City, many residents choose to relocate to more tax-friendly states.

Factors Influencing Migration

Several factors influence why high-income households choose to move from one state to another. These factors often interplay to create an environment that either attracts or repels high earners.

Tax Policies

Taxes play a crucial role in migration decisions. States with lower or no income taxes attract more high-income households, as these individuals seek to minimize their tax burdens. States that offer tax incentives for businesses and entrepreneurs also see an influx of high-income earners who are looking to start or expand their businesses.

Economic Opportunities

States with robust economies and job opportunities tend to attract more residents. High-income households often move to states where they can find better business and employment prospects. The presence of major industries, corporate headquarters, and startup ecosystems can be significant draws.

Climate and Lifestyle

The desire for a better quality of life, including favorable weather and recreational opportunities, drives many high earners to relocate. States offering a pleasant climate and abundant amenities are preferred destinations. Access to cultural activities, high-quality education, and healthcare services are also important considerations.

Cost of Living

The overall cost of living, including housing prices and daily expenses, significantly impacts migration. High-income households often move to states where their money goes further. Affordable housing markets, lower utility costs, and reasonable prices for goods and services make certain states more attractive.

Implications of Migration Trends

The migration of high-income households has substantial implications for both the states gaining and losing residents. These trends can affect economic growth, public services, and even political landscapes.

Economic Growth

States that attract high earners experience economic benefits. Increased consumer spending, higher tax revenues, and a more vibrant business environment contribute to growth. High-income residents typically spend more on goods and services, boosting local economies.

Fiscal Challenges

Conversely, states losing high earners face fiscal challenges. Declining tax revenues can lead to budget shortfalls, impacting public services and infrastructure. States that rely heavily on income taxes from high earners may struggle to balance their budgets as these residents leave.

Talent Drain

The outflow of high-income households often includes talented professionals and entrepreneurs. This talent drain can hinder economic innovation and development in states losing these individuals. The loss of skilled workers and business leaders can have long-term negative effects on economic competitiveness and growth.

Conclusion

The latest IRS data on interstate migration reveal clear trends among high-income households. Florida leads as the top destination, while Illinois struggles with the highest out-migration ratio. Tax policies, economic opportunities, climate, and cost of living are key factors driving these movements. Understanding these trends is crucial for policymakers aiming to create attractive environments for high earners, fostering economic growth, and mitigating fiscal challenges. By addressing the factors that influence migration, states can work towards retaining and attracting high-income households, ensuring a prosperous future.